Difference between revisions of "Solaris"

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while command helps repeat a command or group of commands
while command helps repeat a command or group of commands
if exit result of expression is zero (success) then while will execute the do command and loop back to repeat expression
non-zero result status means loop will terminate


Syntax:
Syntax:
Line 2,029: Line 2,032:


<add examples>
<add examples>
=== using case command ===
case command compares a single value against other values & performs a command or group of commands when a match is found
when match is found no other patterns are checked
Syntax:
<pre>
case value in
pattern1) command
...
;;
pattern2) command
...
;;
patternN) command
...
;;
esac</pre>
<provide examples of using case command>
== Archiving files ==
tar or jar commands are two commonly used archiving commands
* use tar command to create & extra files from a file archive
* tar command archives files to & extracts files from a single file called a tar file
* default device for tar file is magnetic tap device
* Syntax: <code>tar functions archivefilename filenames</code>
== Remote transfer ==


<center>[[Computing|To Computing Area]]</center>
<center>[[Computing|To Computing Area]]</center>

Revision as of 14:00, 28 April 2011

My Solaris 10 notes

Components of Sun OS

Three components of Sun OS

  • Kernel - the core of Sun OS and manages all physical resources of the computer
  • Shell - a command interpreter and interfaces between user and kernel
  • Directory Hierarchy

Default shells

Sun OS default primary shells:

  • Bourne shell - original unix system shell and default for root user. regular user prompt is $ and root is #
  • C shell - command line history, aliasing, and job control. default regular user is hostname% and root is hostname#
  • Korn Shell - superset of Bourne shell plus C shell like features and enhancements. command line history, aliasing, job control, and command line editing default regular prompt is $ and root is #

Sun OS contains three alternative shells:

  • Bash shell - GNU project Bourne Again SHell is bourne compatible shell that contains handy features from Korn and C shell.
  • Z shell - resembles Korn shell plus enhancements
  • TC shell - C compatible shell plus enhancements

Logging into Sun OS

All users must log into system

Desktop login

Use direct login or options

password requirements 6-8 characters, contain at least two alpha characters and one numerical or special character. cannot be same as user login name, different than last password by at least three characters, reverse of user login name password requirements don't apply to root user or regular user password set by root user


Desktop Environment

Solaris 10 includes Common Desktop Environment (CDE) and Java Desktop System (JDS) desktop environments.

Command Line

Run command line in a terminal window

Use Unix system commands to instruct the computing system to perform specific tasks

Commands can be executed with or without options or arguments

Unix command syntax is the order and structure of command line components.

Unix command line syntax = [command] [options] [arguments]

  • command determines what system will execute
  • option determines how command will run and always begins with - and are case sensitive, can use multiple options, combine options into one - or use a - for each option
  • argument determines what command will affect

Multiple commands can be entered on one command line by using semi-colon(;) between each command.

Basic Solaris 10 commands

<populate>

man pages

display man page by typing man command

Syntax:

  • $ man command
  • $ man option command
  • $ man option filename

Navigating man page

  • Space bar = page forward
  • Return = line forward
  • b = page backward
  • /pattern = to perform a forward pattern search
  • n = to move to next pattern match, must be proceeded with /pattern search
  • h = provides navigation help
  • q = quit man page

Searching man pages

This searches all man pages. To search while inside a man page see Navigating a man page pattern search.

Search by section syntax:

  • man -s number [command|filename]

Search by keyword syntax:

  • man -k keyword

Directories

A directory is a list of references to objects

Objects include files, sub-directories, and symbolic links

Each reference consists of a name and number

The name of object is used to identify & access object

The number specifies the inode. inode stores information about the object

pwd command shows current directory path

ls commands displays contents of current directory

Syntax:

  • ls
  • ls -options
  • ls -options filename
  • ls -options path_2_different_directory

<describe some common options, put screenshot of a long listing> -a

-l

-la

-ld directory

-R

-F cover output /(directory), *(executable), none, @(symbolic link))

Use file command to determine certain file types

Syntax:

  • file filename

Navigating directories

Initial login is set to home directory

Navigate using cd command

Syntax:

  • cd directory

Using cd without options or arguments moves to home directory (some shells use cd ~)

path name abbreviations . = current or working directory .. = parent directory

cd .. moves to parent directory

cd ../.. moves up two parent directories, you can use /.. to move up more parent directories

use absolute or relative path names to navigate directories

cd absolute_path_name

cd relative_path_name

Files

Commands to view file in read-only format:

  • cat (displays one or more text files without pausing)
  • more (displays text files one page at a time, to navigate use man navigation keys)
  • tail (displays last 10 lines of a text file,use -n or +n to change number of lines, replace n with an integer, -n displays n lines from end of file while +n displays file contents from line n to end of file)
  • head (displays first 10 lines of a text file, use -n to change number of lines, replace n with an integer)
  • wc (-l line count, -w word count, -c byte count, -m character count)

<add more detail about each command>

Printing files

Print using lp command

Syntax:

  • lp options filename

Options:

  • -d destination (use while not printing to default printer)
  • -o nobanner (no banner is printed)
  • -n number (number of copies)
  • -m (sends mail message to owner after print job is complete)

Display status of all user print requests

Syntax:

  • lpstat -options printername

Options:

  • -p (status of all printers)
  • -o (status of all output requests)
  • -d (status of default printer)
  • -t (extended status of all printers)
  • -s (status summary of all printers)
  • -a (identifies which printers are accepting print requests)

Status response from lpstat command:

  • request-ID = name of the printer and job number
  • user-ID = name of user accessing the printer
  • file size = output size in bytes
  • date/time = current date and time
  • status = status of print request

Cancel print requests

Syntax:

  • cancel request-ID
  • cancel -u username

Modifying Directory Contents

Copy Files & Directories

Copy Files

Use cp command to copy the contents of a file to another file.

Syntax:

  • cp -option source_file target_file_or_directory

Common options:

  • -i (prevents accidental overwrite of file or directory, prompts user when an overwrite might occur)
  • -r (recursive, includes the contents of directory and all sub-directories when copying a directory)

Examples:

Copy file within a directory:

cp source_file target_file

Copy multiple files to a different directory (relative path example):

cp source_file1 source_file2 target_directory

Copy Directories

Use cp -r command & option to copy the contents of a directory recursively to another directory

Syntax:

  • cp -options source_directory target_directory

Note:

  • If target_directory does not exist one will be created with source_directory name.
  • If target_directory exists a new sub-directory below target_directory will be created with source_directory name.

Copying multiple directories

Syntax:

  • cp -options source_directory1 source_directory2 target_directory

Moving Files & Directories

The mv command moves & can rename files & directories within the directory hierarchy

Syntax:

  • mv -option source_file_or_directory target_file_or_directory

Examples:

Rename file1 in same directory to file2:

mv file1 file2

Move file1 to another directory:

mv file1 ../

Move & rename file1 to file2 in another directory:

mv file1 ../file2

Move & rename directory1 to directory2 in same directory:

mv directory1 directory2

Creating Files & Directories

Creating Files

You can use touch command to create an empty file or a text editor program

Syntax:

  • touch filename

Creating Directories

Use mkdir command to create directories

Syntax:

  • mkdir directory_name
  • mkdir -p directory_names (-p creates all the parent directories that do not exist)

Removing files & directories

Remove file using rm command.

Syntax:

  • rm -option filename

rm options:

  • -i (prompts before deleting each file)

Remove empty directories. If directories are not empty an error message will result.

Syntax:

  • rmdir directories

Remove directories that are not empty

Syntax:

  • rm -options directories

rm options:

  • -i (prompts before deleting each file or directory)
  • -r (recursive, includes all contents of directory and sub-directories)

Using Symbolic links

A symbolic link is a pointer that contains the path name to another file or directory. Use ln -s command to create a symbolic link file. The file name for the symbolic link appears in the directory in which it is created.

Syntax:

  • ln -s source_file target_file

Where source_file variable refers to the file in which you create a symbolic link. The target_file variable refers to the name of symbolic link. If source file does not exist a symbolic link to a non-existing file is created.

You remove symbolic link files the same way you would any other file using rm command.

vi text editor

vi editor modes:

  • command (delete, change, copy, move, position cursor, search, exit)
  • edit (enter text)
  • last line (advanced options)

Switching between modes:

  • default mode when creating or opening file is command
  • i (insert text, switches to edit mode)
  • Esc (returns to command mode)
  • : (last line mode)

vi syntax:

  • vi -options filename

vi options:

  • -R (opens in read-only mode) view command does same thing, syntax = view filename
  • -r (recovers specified file, if no file specified lists all files that can be recovered)(use if system crashes)

Inserting & appending text:

  • a (appends text after cursor)
  • A (appends text at end of line)
  • i (inserts text before cursor)
  • I (inserts text at beginning of line)
  • o (opens a new line below the cursor)
  • O (opens a new line above the cursor)
  • :r filename (inserts text from another file)

Moving cursor in vi:

  • h, left arrow, Backspace (left one character)
  • j, down arrow (down one line)
  • k, up arrow (up one line)
  • l, right arrow, space bar (right one character)
  • b (back one word)
  • w (forward one word)
  • e (end of current word)
  • $ (end of the current line)
  • 0 (beginning of the current line)
  • ^ (to first non-white space character on the line)
  • Return (to beginning of next line)
  • G (goes to last line of file)
  • nG (goes to n line of file)
  • :n (goes to n line of file)
  • Ctrl+F (pages forward one screen)
  • Ctrl+B (pages back one screen)
  • Ctrl+U (scrolls up 1/2 screen)
  • Ctrl+D (scrolls down 1/2 screen)
  • Ctrl+L (refreshes screen)
  • Ctrl+G (displays current buffer)

Delete text in vi:

  • r (overwrite one character on cursor)
  • R (overwrites all characters from cursor and to the right until Esc is pressed)
  • C (overwrites characters from cursor to end of line)
  • s (substitutes a string for a character at cursor)
  • x (deletes the character at cursor)
  • dw (deletes a word or part of word to the right of character)
  • dd (deletes line containing the cursor
  • D (deletes the line from the cursor to right end of line
  • :n,nd (deletes lines n-n)
  • CW (overwrites characters at cursor location)
  • J (joins current line & the line below)
  • xp (transposes the character at the cursor and to right of cursor)
  • ~ (changes the case of the letter at cursor)
  • u (undo previous command)
  • U (undo all changes to current line)
  • . (repeats previous command)

Search & replace text in vi

To search & replace text in vi use these commands:

  • /string (searches forward for string)
  • ?string (searches backward for string)
  • n (searches for next occurrence of string, after searching for a string)
  • N (searches for previous occurrence of string, after searching for a string)
  • :%s/string1/string2/g (search for string1, replace with string2 globally)

Copy & paste in vi

To copy & paste in vi use these commands:

  • yy (yanks a copy of a line)
  • p (puts yanked or deleted text under the line with cursor)
  • P (puts yanked or deleted text before the line with cursor)
  • :n,n co n (copies lines n-n and puts after line n)
  • :n,n m n (moves lines n-n to line n)

Save & quit commands

To save & quit in vi use these commands:

  • :w (writes contents of buffer to disk in existing file)
  • :w filename (writes contents of buffer to filename)
  • :wq (writes contents of buffer to disk in existing file and quits vi editor)
  • :x (same as wq)
  • ZZ (same as wq)
  • q! (quits without saving changes)

Customizing vi session

Use set command to set or unset variables in current vi session:

  • :set nu (show line numbers)
  • :set nonu (hides line numbers)
  • :set ic (instructs searches to ignore case)
  • :set noic (instructs searches to be case sensitive)
  • :set list (displays invisible characters)
  • :set nolist (invisible characters are invisible)
  • :set showmode (displays current mode)
  • :set noshowmode (disables showing current mode)
  • :set (displays all vi variables that are set)
  • :set all (displays all set vi variables and their current value)

Pre-load vi with customizations:

  1. Create .exrc file in home directory
  2. Enter one set variable per line in .exrc file without colon

vi editor reads the .exrc file each time vi is executed.

Korn shell

Metacharacters are specific characters having special meaning to Korn shell

Three types of metacharacters:

  • path name metacharacters
  • file name substitution metacharacters
  • quoting metacharacters

Path name metacharacters:

  • ~ (home directory of current user)
  • ~username (home directory of username)
  • - (stores previous working directory)

File name substitution metacharacters:

  • * (wildcard character, represents zero or more characters, except leading period of hidden file)
  • ? (wildcard character, represents any single character except leading period of hidden file)
  • [ ] (square bracket characters represent a set or range of characters for a single character position)

Quoting metacharacters:

  • ' ' (instructs shell to ignore all enclosed metacharacters)
  • ` (instructs shell to execute and display the output for a Unix system command)
  • " " (instructs shell to ignore all enclosed metacharacters except `, \, and $)
  • \ (instructs shell to ignore the next character as a metacharacter)
  • $ (instructs shell that the following text is the name of a shell variable)
  • $(command)(instructs shell to execute & display the output for the command identified)

Korn shell variables

A shell variable refers to temporary storage area in memory. Variables contain information needed for customizing the shell or other processes to function correctly

set,unset, view variables

To set, unset, & view variables:

command action
VAR = value, export VAR=value set a variable
unset VAR unset a variable
set, env, or export display all variables
echo $VAR or print display values stored in variables

<talk about default korn shell variables>

<talk about customizing korn shell variables>

useful links

Korn shell and why use Korn over BASH

Using history command

By default history command displays the last 16 commands to the standard output

Syntax:

  • history option

History options:

  • -n (displays the command history without line numbers)
  • -r (display the history list in reverse order)

History examples: $ history ls dir would display the most recent ls command to the most recent dir command

r command is an alias built into Korn shell that enables the reuse of a command.

Examples using r command:

$ history
609  mkdir test
610  cd test
611  pwd
612  cd space
613  ls -l
$ r 613

Rerun the most recent occurrence of a command that begins with "c":

$ r c
cd space

Rerun the most recent occurrence of a command that begins with "c", replace space with water, and perform the modified command:

$ history
609  mkdir test
610  cd test
611  pwd
612  cd space
613  ls -l
$ r c
cd space
$ r space=water
cd water

Use a shell in-line editor to edit previously executed commands & rerun edited commands

Use the vi editor to turn on & enable the shell history editing feature. Each example sets vi for in-line editor:

  • $ set -o vi
  • $ export EDIT=/bin/vi
  • $ export VISUAL=/bin/vi

Confirmation that built-in editor vi is enabled by running this command: set -o | grep -w vi

Edit and execute previously executed command:

  1. use history command
  2. Press Esc key to access command history
  3. use vi commands to edit previously executed command
  4. Press Enter to execute modified command

<add some examples>

File name completion within vi mode of command-line editing:

Syntax:

  1. command -options arguments
  2. Press Esc and backslash (\)

Command redirection

  • each process that korn shell creates works with file descriptors
  • file descriptors determine where the input to the command originates and where the output and error messages are sent


file descriptor number file descriptor abbreviation definition
0 stdin standard command input
1 stdout standard command output
2 stderr standard command error

standard input

Less-than sign (<) forces a command to read input from file

Syntax:

  • command < filename

<insert examples>

standard output

Greater-than sign (>) sends output from a command to a file

Syntax:

  • command > filename

<insert examples>

standard error

File descriptor number 2 and greater-than (>) redirects standard error to file. Redirection of standard error will suppress error messages from going to display device

Syntax:

  • command 2> filename

<insert examples>

Pipe character

Use pipe character (|) to redirect standard output to standard input another command

Syntax:

  • command | command

<insert examples>

Shell as command-line interpreter

Korn shell interprets commands entered by:

  1. parsing the line
  2. processing metacharacters & redirection
  3. controlling execution of commands

Then the shell searches for the command & once found executes command

Command-line interpretation example:

  • ps -ef | sort +1 | more
  • breaks command line into tokens: ps, -ef, |, sort, +1, |, & more
  • identifies ps, sort, & more as commands
  • identifies -ef & +1 as options
  • identifies | as an i/o operation
  • sets up stdout from ps to be stdin to sort and stdout from sort to be stdin to more
  • locates ps, sort, & more & executes them in order

User initialization files

Use system-wide or user-specific initialization files to customize working environments

shell system-wide primary user user initialization files when a new shell started shell path name
Bourne /etc/profile $HOME/.profile /bin/sh
Korn /etc/profile $HOME/.profile & $HOME/.kshrc /$HOME/.kshrc /bin/ksh
C /etc/.login $HOME/.cshrh & $HOME/.login $HOME/.cshrc /bin/csh

.profile file

.profile

  • kshrc file is executed very time when you login or when ksh sub-shell is started
  • defines Korn shell specific settings such as aliases, shell functions, history variables, & all shell options

.cshrc file

.cshrc file is a C shell initialization file that you define in your home directory

  • .cshrc file is executed very time when you login
  • use to customize environment variables and terminal settings
  • instruct the system to initiate applications

~/.dtprofile file

  • file that resides in your home directory
  • determines generic & customized settings for desktop environment
  • settings overwrite desktop default settings
  • shell reads the .dtprofile first, .profile second, & .kshrc last
  • shell reads .profile & .kshrc when a new terminal session is opened

~/.profile file

  • define ENV variable in ~/.profile file
  • instructs login process to execute the file referenced by ENV variable
  • re-run file or logout & login the terminal session to verify change

~/.kshrc file

  • configure PS1 Korn shell variable by editing ~/.kshrc file
  • re-run file or logout & login the terminal session to verify change

Basic file & directory permissions

view permissions by using ls -l command

<insert figure & examples, explain each column>

types of users

field description
owner permissions for the assigned owner of file or directory
group permissions for the members assigned to group that owns the file or directory
other permissions for all users that are not the owner or members of group

Permission sets

  • each type of user has three permissions called a permission set
  • each permission set consists of read, write, and execute permissions
  • each file and directory has three permission sets for each type of user
  • owner, group, & other users
  • r = read only, w = write, x = execute
  • file or directory show r,w, or x that means permission is given, a dash (-) means permission denied


permission character file access directory access
read r view file contents & copying of file view listing of directory with ls command
write w change file contents change directory contents (delete requires w+e)
execute e execute file (execute shell script requires r+e) change to directory by using cd command, can use ls only if you specify filename as argument

determining file & directory access

  • files and directories have a user ID (UID) and group ID (GID)
  • UID is owner of file & directory
  • GID is group of users who own file & directory
  • only one UID & GID are assigned at a time

ls -n command

Use ls -n command to view UIDs & GIDs of files & directories

<insert examples>

Solaris OS compares the user, group, then other permissions when accessing a file or directory. When a match is found those permissions are applied.

changing permissions

  • Use chmod command to change permission sets on files & directories
  • owner or root can use chmod command
  • chmod command can change permissions using symoblic (r,w,e,-,+) or octal (0-7) mode

Syntax examples:

  • symbolic mode is chmod symbolic_mode filename where symbolic_mode includes user affected (owner,group,other), function performed (-/+), permission (r,w,e)
  • u = owner, g = group, o = other, a = all permissions
  • + = add permission set, - = removes permission set, = = assign permission absolutely
  • r = read, w = write, x = execute

<insert examples using chmod in symbolic mode>

Syntax examples:

  • octal mode is chmod octal_mode filename where octal_mode includes three octal numbers
  • octal numbers for permission sets are 4 = read, 2 = write, 1 = execute

octal digits for various permission sets:

octal value permission sets binary
7 rwx 111 (4+2+1)
6 rw- 110
5 r-w 101
4 r-- 100
3 -wx 011
2 -w- 010
1 --x 001
0 --- 000

Combine octal values to change permission sets.

<insert examples using chmod command in octal mode>

changing default permissions

  • at creation every file & directory has default permissions
  • user mask affects default file permissions assigned to file & directory
  • use umask command to apply user mask value & modify default permissions
  • umask is a three-digit octal value for read, write, execute
  • default user mask for Solaris 10 is 022
user mask octal value file permissions directory permissions
0 rw- rwx
1 rw- rw-
2 r-- r-x
3 r-- r--
4 -w- -wx
5 -w- -w-
6 --- --x
7 --- ---

Apply umask value for files

Determine default permissions for new files by applying user mask value to initial permission value in octal mode

permission field symoblic mode permission field octal mode description
rw-rw-rw- 666 initial permissions specified by system for file creation
----w--w- 022 default Solaris 10 user mask to be removed
rw-r--r-- 644 default permissions assigned to created files

Apply umask value for directories

Determine default permissions for new directories by applying user mask value to initial permission value in octal mode

permission field symoblic mode permission field octal mode description
rwxrwxrwx 777 initial permissions specified by system for directory creation
----w--w- 022 default Solaris 10 user mask to be removed
rwxr-xr-x 755 default permissions assigned to created directories

changing umask value

  • use umask command to change at user initialization or command line (existing session only)
  • syntax:
    • to show umask <ocde>umask
    • to set umask at command line umask octal_mode

Access Control Lists (ACL)

ACL allows owner of file or directory to grant or deny specific user access using owner, group, & other

ACL commands & descriptions

ACL command examples description
getfacl -a filename_or_directoryname shows name, owner, group, & ACL entries for file & directory
setfacl -m acl_entries filename_or_directoryname modifies ACL entries on file & directory
setfacl -s acl_entries filename_or_directoryname substitutes new ACL entries on file & directory
setfacl -d acl_entries filename_or_directoryname
  • deletes one or more ACL entries on file & directory
  • unable to delete file owner, group owner, or ACL mask)
setfacl -r [-m,-s] filename_or_directoryname recalculates ACL mask based on ACL entries, when used with -m or -s option

Viewing ACL entries

ACL entry syntax:

  • entry-type:[UID or GID]:permission
    • entry-type specifies the scope of the file or directory permissions to owner, owner's group, specific users, additional groups, or ACL mask
    • UID or GID specifies the UID or GID
    • permissions specifies permissions for entry-type using r,w,x,-, or octal values 0-7
entry type description
u::permission permissions for file owner
g::permission permission for owner's group
o:permission permissions for users other than owner or member of owner's group
  • u:UID:permission or
  • u:username:permission
permissions for specific user that must exist in /etc/passwd file
  • g:GID:permission or
  • g:groupname:permission
permissions for specific group that must exist in /etc/group file
m:permission
  • ACL mask that sets maximum effective permissions allowed for all specified users & groups
  • does not impact owner or other

Determining Non-trivial ACL entries

Use ls -l command to determine if a file or directory has a non-trivial ACL entry

The presence of a plus sign (+) at end of permission field indicates that file or directory has an ACL entry

Determining trivial ACL entries

Use getfacl command to display list of trivial ACL entries for file or directory


<insert examples of getfacl and setfacl>

Configure ACLs using File Manager GUI

<add examples & screenshots>

Search Files & Directories

Searching for contents in files

Search contents of files for string patterns with grep, egrep, fgrep commands

grep command

  • grep command searches contents one or more file names for a specific character pattern
  • grep means globally search for a regular expression & print all lines containing regular expression
  • grep does not change file contents
  • Syntax: grep options pattern filename

From grep man page:

DESCRIPTION
The grep utility searches  text  files  for  a  pattern  and
prints  all lines that contain that pattern.  It uses a com-
pact non-deterministic algorithm.

Be careful using the characters $, *, [, ^, |, (, ),  and  \
in  the pattern_list because they are also meaningful to the
shell. It is safest to enclose the  entire  pattern_list  in
single quotes  '... '.

If no files are specified, grep assumes standard input. Nor-
mally,  each  line  found  is copied to standard output. The
file name is printed before each line found if there is more
than one input file.

OPTIONS
     The following options are supported for  both  /usr/bin/grep
     and /usr/xpg4/bin/grep:

     -b    Precede each line by the block number on which it  was
           found. This can be useful in locating block numbers by
           context (first block is 0).

     -c    Print only a count of the lines that contain the  pat-
           tern.

     -h    Prevents the name of the file containing the  matching
           line  from  being  appended  to  that line.  Used when
           searching multiple files.

     -i    Ignore upper/lower case distinction  during  comparis-
           ons.

     -l    Print only the names of  files  with  matching  lines,
           separated  by NEWLINE characters.  Does not repeat the
           names of files when the pattern  is  found  more  than
           once.

     -n    Precede each line by  its  line  number  in  the  file
           (first line is 1).

     -s    Suppress error messages about nonexistent  or  unread-
           able files.

     -v    Print all lines except those that contain the pattern.

     -w    Search for the expression as a word as  if  surrounded
           by \< and \>.
Definition
-i ignore case sensitivies
-l print only the names of files with matching lines, does not repeat the names of files when pattern is found >1
-n precedes each line by its line number in the file
-v prints all lines except those that contain the pattern
-c prints only a count of lines that contain the pattern
-w search for the expression as a word as if surrounded by

\< and \>, ignoring matches that are substrings of larger

words

<insert examples using grep>

Regular expression metacharacters
Metacharacter Purpose Example Result
^ begining of line anchor '^pattern' matches all lines beginning with pattern
$ end of line anchor 'pattern$' matches all lines ending with pattern
. matches one character 'p.....n' matches lines containing a "p", followed by five characters, and followed by an "n"
* matches the preceding item zero or more times '[a-z]*' matches lowercase alphabet characters only
[ ] matches one character in a pattern '[Pp]attern' matches lines containing Pattern or pattern
[^] matches one character not in the pattern '[^a-m]attern' matches lines that do not contain a-m and followed by attern

<insert examples regular expression metacharacters>

egrep command

egrep command searches the contents of one or more files for a pattern using extended regular expression metacharacters (regular expression characters plus more)

Syntax:

egrep options pattern filename

Metacharacter Purpose Example Result
+ matches one or more of the preceding characters '[a-z]+ark' matches one or more lowercase letters followed by ark
x|y matches either x or y 'boat|airplane' matches for either expresssion
(|) group characters '(1|2)+'
'gam(es|ing)+'
matches for one or more occurrences (1 or 2, games or gaming)
examples using egrep

<insert examples>

search for all lines containing one or more lowercase alphabets followed by the pattern 'body' one or more times, perform the command:

$ egrep '[a-z]+body' /etc/passwd

to search for lines containing the pattern Network Admin or uucp Admin, perform the command:

$ egrep '(Network|uucp) Admin' /etc/passwd

fgrep command

use fgrep command to search a file for a literal string or group of characters

fgrep commands reads all characters as text (no metacharacters)

syntax:

fgrep options string filename

examples using fgrep

search for all lines in the file containing an * character, use the command:

$ fgrep '*' /etc/system

search for a string adm in all files in the current directory with the names ending with .sh string, use the command:

$ fgrep adm *.sh

searching for files and directories

find command

use find command to locate files or directories in the directory hierarchy

find command recursively descends the directory tree in the path name list, looking for files that match search criteria

as find command matches files matching search criteria the absolute path for each file is displayed on screen

syntax:

find pathname expression action

find command arguments:

  • pathname = absolute or relative path where the search originates
  • expression = search criteria specified by one or more options. specifying multiple options causes the find command to use the boolean operator and, so all listed expressions must be verified as true
  • action = action required after the files have been located. the default print action is to print all path names matching the criteria to the screen
find expressions

some expressions for find command

expression definition
-name filename finds files matching the specified filename, metacharacters are acceptable if placed inside quote marks " " or ' '
-size [+|-]n finds files that are > +n or < -n or = n. n is 512-byte blocks
-atime [+|-]n finds files that have been accessed > +n or < -n or = n. n is days
-mtime [+|-]n find files that have been modified > +n or < -n or = n. n is days
-user userID finds all files that are owned by the userID
-type finds a file type, for example f = file and d = directory
-perm finds files that have certain access permission bits
find actions
action definition
-exec command {} \; runs the specified command on each file located. a set of braces { } delimits where the file name is passed to the command from the preceding expressions. a space, backslash, and semicolon (\;) delimits the end of the command. There must be a space before the backslash (\)
-ok command {} \; requires confirmation before find command applies the command to each file located. this is the interactive form of the -exec command
-print instructs the find command to print the current path name to terminal session. this is the default
-ls displays the current path name and associated statistics, such as the inode number, the size in kilobytes, protection mode, the number of hard links, and the user
find examples

<insert examples>

search home directory looking for files or directories called deleteme and asking before deleting any matches perform this command:

$ find ~ -name deleteme -ok rm {} \;

to look for all files that have not been modified in the last two days starting in current directory perform this command:

$ find . -mtime +2

to find files larger than 10 blocks (512-byte blocks X 10 = 5,120 bytes) starting in your home directory perform this command:

$ find ~ -size +10

basic process control

every program a user runs in Solaris OS creates a process

Solaris OS starts processes called daemons that are processes running in the background and providing services


PID, UID, GID

every process has a unique process identification number (PID) which the kernel users to track, control, and manage the process

each process is associated with a user id (UID) and group id (GID)

UIDs & GIDs indicate who owns a process & determine the functions of a process

parent process

when one process spawns another process the originator is called the parent of the new process

new process is called the child process

while the child process runs the parent process waits

when child process finishes its task, it informs the parent process, which in turn, terminates the child process

if the parent process is an interactive shell, a prompt appears, indicating that it is ready for a new command

viewing processes

use the process status (ps) command to list the processes that are scheduled to run in that shell

ps command displays the PID, the terminal identifier (TTY), the cumulative execution time (TIME), and the command name (CMD) for each process

Syntax:

ps options

ps options

From ps man pages:

OPTIONS
     The following options are supported:

     -a                  Lists information  about  all  processes
                         most  frequently  requested:  all  those
                         except session leaders and processes not
                         associated with a terminal.

     -A                  Lists  information  for  all  processes.
                         Identical to -e, below.

     -c                  Prints  information  in  a  format  that
                         reflects    scheduler    properties   as
                         described in priocntl(1). The -c  option
                         affects  the  output  of  the  -f and -l
                         options, as described below.

     -d                  Lists information  about  all  processes
                         except session leaders.

     -e                  Lists information  about  every  process
                         now running.

                         When the -eoption is specified,  options

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 9 Jan 2008                    1

User Commands                                               ps(1)

                         -z,  -t,  -u, -U, -g, -G, -p, -g, -s and
                         -a options have no effect.

     -f                  Generates a full listing. (See below for
                         significance  of columns in a full list-
                         ing.)

     -g grplist          Lists  only  process  data  whose  group
                         leader's   ID   number(s)   appears   in
                         grplist. (A group leader  is  a  process
                         whose  process ID number is identical to
                         its process group ID number.)

     -G gidlist          Lists information  for  processes  whose
                         real  group  ID  numbers  are  given  in
                         gidlist. The gidlist must  be  a  single
                         argument  in  the  form  of  a blank- or
                         comma-separated list.

     -j                  Prints session ID and process group ID.

     -l                  Generates a long listing. (See below.)

     -L                  Prints  information  about  each   light
                         weight  process  (lwp)  in each selected
                         process. (See below.)

     -n namelist         Specifies the  name  of  an  alternative
                         system  namelist  file  in  place of the
                         default. This  option  is  accepted  for
                         compatibility, but is ignored.

     -o format           Prints information according to the for-
                         mat  specification given in format. This
                         is fully described in  DISPLAY  FORMATS.
                         Multiple  -o  options  can be specified;
                         the format specification will be  inter-
                         preted  as the space-character-separated
                         concatenation of all the format  option-
                         arguments.

     -p proclist         Lists only process data whose process ID
                         numbers are given in proclist.

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 9 Jan 2008                    2

User Commands                                               ps(1)

     -P                  Prints the number of  the  processor  to
                         which  the  process  or lwp is bound, if
                         any, under an additional column  header,
                         PSR.

     -s sidlist          Lists information on all session leaders
                         whose IDs appear in sidlist.

     -t term             Lists only process data associated  with
                         term. Terminal identifiers are specified
                         as a device file name, and  an  identif-
                         ier. For example, term/a, or pts/0.

     -u uidlist          Lists only process data whose  effective
                         user ID number or login name is given in
                         uidlist. In the listing,  the  numerical
                         user  ID will be printed unless you give
                         the -f option, which  prints  the  login
                         name.

     -U uidlist          Lists information  for  processes  whose
                         real  user ID numbers or login names are
                         given in uidlist. The uidlist must be  a
                         single  argument in the form of a blank-
                         or comma-separated list.

     -y                  Under a long  listing  (-l),  omits  the
                         obsolete F and ADDR columns and includes
                         an RSS column to report the resident set
                         size   of  the  process.  Under  the  -y
                         option, both RSS and SZ (see below) will
                         be   reported   in  units  of  kilobytes
                         instead of pages.

     -z zonelist         Lists only processes  in  the  specified
                         zones.  Zones can be specified either by
                         name or ID. This option is  only  useful
                         when executed in the global zone.

     -Z                  Prints the name of the zone  with  which
                         the process is associated under an addi-
                         tional column  header,  ZONE.  The  ZONE
                         column width is limited to 8 characters.
                         Use ps -eZ for a quick way to see infor-
                         mation  about  every process now running

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 9 Jan 2008                    3

User Commands                                               ps(1)

                         along with the associated zone name. Use

                           ps -eo zone,uid,pid,ppid,time,comm,...

                         to see zone names wider than  8  charac-
                         ters.

     Many of the options shown are used to  select  processes  to
     list. If any are specified, the default list will be ignored
     and  ps  will  select  the  processes  represented  by   the
     inclusive OR of all the selection-criteria options.

ps -ef output description

<describe output, include screenshot>

search for specific processes

ps and grep commands

use ps and grep commands to search for specific character process

Example:

# ps -ef | grep ttymon
    root   380   368   0   Mar 21 ?           0:01 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon
    root   412     7   0   Mar 21 console     0:00 /usr/lib/saf/ttymon -g -d /dev/console -l console -m ldterm,ttcompat -h -p lxla
    root 13615 13241   0 16:33:28 syscon      0:00 grep ttymon
#
pgrep

use pgrep command to search for specific process by name

Syntax:

  • pgrep options pattern

pgrep man options:

OPTIONS
     The following options are supported:

     -c ctidlist     Matches only processes  whose  process  con-
                     tract ID is in the given list.

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 6 May 2004                    1

User Commands                                            pgrep(1)

     -d delim        Specifies the output delimiter string to  be
                     printed between each matching process ID. If
                     no -d option is specified, the default is  a
                     newline  character.  The  -d  option is only
                     valid when specified as an option to pgrep.

     -f              The regular  expression  pattern  should  be
                     matched  against  the  full process argument
                     string (obtained from the pr_psargs field of
                     the   /proc/nnnnn/psinfo  file).  If  no  -f
                     option  is  specified,  the  expression   is
                     matched only against the name of the execut-
                     able file (obtained from the pr_fname  field
                     of the /proc/nnnnn/psinfo file).

     -g pgrplist     Matches only processes whose  process  group
                     ID  is  in  the  given  list.  If group 0 is
                     included in the list, this is interpreted as
                     the  process  group ID of the pgrep or pkill
                     process.

     -G gidlist      Matches only processes whose real  group  ID
                     is  in  the given list. Each group ID may be
                     specified as either a group name or a numer-
                     ical group ID.

     -J projidlist   Matches only processes whose project  ID  is
                     in  the  given  list. Each project ID may be
                     specified as either  a  project  name  or  a
                     numerical project ID.

     -l              Long output format. Prints the process  name
                     along  with  the process ID of each matching
                     process. The process name is  obtained  from
                     the  pr_psargs  or pr_fname field, depending
                     on whether the -f option was specified  (see
                     above).  The  -l  option  is only valid when
                     specified as an option to pgrep.

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 6 May 2004                    2

User Commands                                            pgrep(1)

     -n              Matches  only  the  newest  (most   recently
                     created) process that meets all other speci-
                     fied matching criteria. Cannot be used  with
                     option -o.

     -o              Matches only the oldest  (earliest  created)
                     process   that  meets  all  other  specified
                     matching  criteria.  Cannot  be  used   with
                     option -n.

     -P ppidlist     Matches only processes whose parent  process
                     ID is in the given list.

     -s sidlist      Matches only processes whose process session
                     ID  is  in  in  the  given  list. If ID 0 is
                     included in the list, this is interpreted as
                     the  session  ID  of the pgrep or pkill pro-
                     cess.

     -t termlist     Matches only processes which are  associated
                     with a terminal in the given list. Each ter-
                     minal is specified as the  suffix  following
                     "/dev/"  of  the terminal's device path name
                     in /dev.  For example, term/a or pts/0.

     -T taskidlist   Matches only processes whose task ID  is  in
                     the  given  list. If ID 0 is included in the
                     list, this is interpreted as the task ID  of
                     the pgrep or pkill process.

     -u euidlist     Matches only processes whose effective  user
                     ID is in the given list. Each user ID may be
                     specified as either a login name or a numer-
                     ical user ID.

     -U uidlist      Matches only processes whose real user ID is
                     in  the  given  list.  Each  user  ID may be
                     specified  as  either  a  login  name  or  a

SunOS 5.10           Last change: 6 May 2004                    3

User Commands                                            pgrep(1)

                     numerical user ID.

     -v              Reverses the sense of the matching.  Matches
                     all  processes  except  those which meet the
                     specified matching criteria.

     -x              Considers  only  processes  whose   argument
                     string   or  executable  file  name  exactly
                     matches the specified pattern to be matching
                     processes.  The  pattern match is considered
                     to be exact when all characters in the  pro-
                     cess argument string or executable file name
                     match the pattern.

     -z zoneidlist   Matches only processes whose zone ID  is  in
                     the  given  list. Each zone ID may be speci-
                     fied as either a zone name  or  a  numerical
                     zone  ID.  This  option  is only useful when
                     executed in the global zone.  If  the  pkill
                     utility is used to send signals to processes
                     in   other  zones,  the  process  must  have
                     asserted the {PRIV_PROC_ZONE} privilege (see
                     privileges(5)).

     -signal         Specifies the signal to send to each matched
                     process.  If no signal is specified, SIGTERM
                     is sent by default. The value of signal  can
                     be  one  of  the  symbolic  names defined in
                     signal.h(3HEAD) without the SIG  prefix,  or
                     the corresponding signal number as a decimal
                     value. The -signal option is only valid when
                     specified as the first option to pkill.
ptree command

use ptree command to display a process tree based on a specified PID, default is to show all processes

an argument with all digits is taken to be a PID, otherwise a login name is presumed

output has specified PIDs or users, with child processes indented from their associated parent processes

<insert example screenshot & explanation)

sending signal to process

  • a signal is a message a user can send to a process
  • processes respond to signals by performing the action specified in signal
  • signals are identified by signal number and my a signal name, and each signal has an associated action


<put in chart for signal numbers / signal name / event / definition / default response>


terminating processes

use kill command to send signal to terminate one or more processes

kill command sends signal 15 (terminate) signal by default which causes process to terminate in orderly manner. Signal 9 forces termination now.

can only kill your own commands (root can kill any process)

Sytax:

kill [-signal] PIDs

use pkill command to send signal to terminate one or more processes

pkill command sends signal 15 (terminate) signal by default which causes process to terminate in orderly manner. Signal 9 forces termination now.

Syntax:

pkill [-options] pattern

working with Korn shell

managing jobs

  • a job is a process that the shell manages
  • jobs are processes so each has a PID
  • shell assigns each job a sequential job ID number
  • shell enables user to run multiple jobs simultaneously
  • job control commands enable user to manage multiple jobs within a shell
  • three types of jobs:
    • foreground - occupies shell until job completes
    • background - command runs without occupying command, put ampersand(&) at end of a command line to launch background job (prompt returns immediately after pressing Enter)
    • stop - if user does Ctrl-Z for foreground job or perform stop command during background job that would make it a stop job
command value
jobs lists all jobs currently running or are stopped in background
bg %n runs the current or specified job in the background (n = job ID)
fg %n brings current or specified job into foreground (n = job ID)
Ctrl+Z stops foreground job and places it in the background as a stopped job
stop %n stops a job that is running in the background (n = job ID)

Korn shell alias utility

  • alias is shorthand notation in Korn shell enabling user to customize Unix commands
  • alias is defined by using the alias command
  • Syntax: alias name=command_string

View aliases in Korn shell with alias command

Example:

$ alias
autoload='typeset -fu'
command='command '
functions='typeset -f'
history='fc -l'
integer='typeset -i'
local=typeset
nohup='nohup '
r='fc -e -'
stop='kill -STOP'
suspend='kill -STOP $$'
$

Making alias for one command

Examples:

$ alias rm='rm -i'

<insert more>

Making alias command sequences

create a command sequence by grouping several command together under a single alias

Examples:

Following command creates an alias 'info' to view the system information, uid, gid, and system date:

$ alias info='uname -a; id; date'

<insert more examples>

Removing aliases

use unalias command to remove aliases from the alias list

Syntax:

unalias alias_name

Example:

This example removes 'info' alias setup from previous example:

$ unalias info

place aliases in Korn shell initialization file (typically .kshrc file) to ensure aliases are in every shell invoked

Korn shell

Korn shell variables

<insert some & include details>


using Korn shell functions

  • function is a group of Unix commands organized as separate entities
  • using a function involves two steps:
    • define function
    • invoke function
  • general format of a function is function_name { command; ... command; }
    • Ensure a space is inserted between brackets
  • invoke a function syntax $ function_name
  • list all functions with definitions use command $ typeset -f
  • list all functions by name use command $ typeset +f

customize Korn shell prompt

customize prompt string stored in PS1 shell variable example then run date command:

$ PS1="Oracle Solaris OS is robust $ "
Oracle Solaris OS is robust $ date
Oracle Solaris OS is robust $ Thu Apr 28 17:15:05 GMT 2011

Korn shell options

  • options are switches that control the behavior of Korn shell
  • options are Boolean, either on or off
  • set option on syntax: $ set -o option_name
  • set option off syntax: $ set +o option_name
  • show current option settings syntax: $ set -o

Example:

$ set -o    
Current option settings
allexport        off
bgnice           on
emacs            off
errexit          off
gmacs            off
ignoreeof        off
interactive      on
keyword          off
markdirs         off
monitor          on
noexec           off
noclobber        off
noglob           off
nolog            off
notify           off
nounset          off
privileged       off
restricted       off
trackall         off
verbose          off
vi               off
viraw            off
xtrace           off
$

<detail some of the options>

noclobber

use noclobber option to prevent overwriting previous file content while redirecting standard output to an existing file

when noclobber option is set the shell refuses to redirect standard output to existing file and displays error message

disable noclobber on a command-by-command basis by using '>|' deactivation syntax on command line


<insert examples of using Korn shell functions>

shell scripts

  • a shell script is a text file that contain a sequence of Unix commands & comments
  • scripts are often used to automate command sequences that repeat
  • comments are preceded by a hash (#) symbol
  • comments are ignored by shell
  • user can invoke shell script by entering the script name at command line
  • first line of script identifies the shell program that executes script
  • syntax: #! /full-pathname-of-shell
    • Example with Korn shell would be #! /bin/ksh
  • the kernel uses the #! to identify the program that interprets the script
  • shell interprets shell scripts line by line
  • user must have read permissions to be able to read script
  • user must have execute permissions to be able to run a script

Passing values to shell script

  • when a script is executing you can pass values to the script
  • the shell stores the value after the script name in variable $1, second in variable $2, and so on
  • these special variables are called positional parameters

Example passing values:

$ more testscript 
#! /bin/ksh
echo $1 $2 #echo the first two parameters passed
$ ./testscript really now
really now
$

using shift command

  • Bourne shell accepts only single digit after $ sign while using positional parameter (cannot access tenth argument using $10 notation)
  • shift command enables user to shift positional parameter values back one position
  • example value set as $8 would be assigned to $7
  • in Korn shell you can access n parameter directly by using syntax ${n} where n=integer

checking exit status

  • all commands in Unix environment return an exit status
    • exit status is a numeric value that indicates success or failure of a command
    • zero = success while integer [1-255] value indicates failure
  • use exit status to indicate different error situations in shell script
  • exit status of last command is held in $? special shell variable and can be tested using echo command

using test command

  • test command is useful in shell scripts to verify conditions, some conditions:
    • variable contents
    • file access permissions
    • file types
  • syntax: test expression or [ expression ]
  • test command evaluates an expression & returns an exit status of zero if result is true otherwise result is false & returns a non-zero exit status

examples using test command:

Solaris 10$ test -d /blahblah
Solaris 10$ echo $?
1
Solaris 10$ test -d /etc
Solaris 10$ echo $?
0
Solaris 10$ [ -d /etc ]
Solaris 10$ echo $?
0
Solaris 10$ [ -d /blahblah]
/bin/ksh: [: ']' missing
Solaris 10$ [ -d /blahblah ]
Solaris 10$ echo $?
1
Solaris 10$ echo $SHELL
/bin/bash
Solaris 10$ test "$SHELL" = "/bin/bash"
Solaris 10$ echo $?
0
Solaris 10$ test "$SHELL" = "/bin/nobash"
Solaris 10$ echo $?
1
Solaris 10$ [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/bash" ]
Solaris 10$ echo $?
0
Solaris 10$ [ "$SHELL" = "/bin/nobash" ]
Solaris 10$ echo $?
1
Solaris 10$ ls -l /etc/group
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 707 Apr 20 14:35 /etc/group
Solaris 10$
Solaris 10$ test -x /etc/group
Solaris 10$ echo $?
1
Solaris 10$ test -r /etc/group
Solaris 10$ echo $?
0

test options used in above example (from man page):

  • -r FILE exists and read permission is granted
  • -x FILE exists and execute (or search) permission is granted
  • -d FILE exists and is a directory

Executing conditional commands

  • && and || conditional constructs
    • && ensures that a command is performed only if the preceding command succeeds
    • || ensures that a command is performed only if the preceding command fails
  • if command
  • while command
  • case command

Examples using && and ||:

Solaris 10$ pwd
/home/user1
Solaris 10$ mkdir $HOME/newdir && cd $HOME/newdir
Solaris 10$ pwd
/home/user1/newdir
Solaris 10$ mkdir /opt/newdir || cd /tmp  
mkdir: cannot create directory `/opt/newdir': Permission denied
Solaris 10$ pwd
/tmp
Solaris 10$ mkdir /opt/newdir && cd $HOME/newdir
mkdir: cannot create directory `/opt/newdir': Permission denied
Solaris 10$ pwd
/tmp
Solaris 10$
  • if command evaluates the exit status of a command to determine next action based on the returned exist value.
  • exit value = zero the if command runs commands within then section
  • exit value not equal to zero then if command runs commands within else section
  • always close if statement with fi

Syntax:

if expression
then
     command1
else
     command2
fi

<add examples of if command>

using while command

while command helps repeat a command or group of commands

if exit result of expression is zero (success) then while will execute the do command and loop back to repeat expression non-zero result status means loop will terminate

Syntax:

while expression
do
     command
done

<add examples>

using case command

case command compares a single value against other values & performs a command or group of commands when a match is found

when match is found no other patterns are checked

Syntax:

case value in
pattern1) command
...
;;
pattern2) command
...
;;
patternN) command
...
;;
esac

<provide examples of using case command>

Archiving files

tar or jar commands are two commonly used archiving commands

  • use tar command to create & extra files from a file archive
  • tar command archives files to & extracts files from a single file called a tar file
  • default device for tar file is magnetic tap device
  • Syntax: tar functions archivefilename filenames




Remote transfer

To Computing Area